Anti Aircraft Warfare - A Swedish Bofors 40mm anti-aircraft gun mounted overlooking the coast of Frch Algeria manned by a US anti-aircraft artillery crew (1943).
Anti-aircraft, anti-aircraft or air defense forces are the battlefield response to aerial warfare, defined by NATO as "any measures designed to eliminate or reduce the effectiveness of hostile air action".
Anti Aircraft Warfare
This includes surface-based, subsurface (submarine-launched) and air-based weapon systems, associated security systems, command and control arrangements and passive measures (e.g. barrage balloons). It can be used to protect naval, ground and air forces in any location. However, for most countries, the primary effort is to protect the homeland. NATO refers to airborne airborne as airborne air defense and seaborne air defense as air defense. Missile defense is an extension of air defense, as well as initiatives to adapt air defense to the task of intercepting any projectile in flight.
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In some countries, such as Great Britain and Germany during the Second World War, the Soviet Union and modern NATO and the United States, the ground-based air defense and air defense aircraft are under integrated command and control. While general air defense may be for the defense of the homeland (including military facilities), the forces in the field, wherever they are, provide their own defense against air threats.
Until the 1950s, guns firing ballistic bullets from 7.62 mm (0.30 in) to 152.4 mm (6 in) were the standard weapons; guided missiles have become dominant except at the shortest ranges (such as close-in weapon systems, which often use rotating automatic guns or, in very modern systems, surface-to-air adaptations at short-range air-to-air missiles, usually combined with a system with rotating guns).
The term "air defce" was probably first used in Britain when the Air Defce of Great Britain (ADGB) was formed in 1925 as a command of the Royal Air Force [Evidence from the WW1 RPPC shows that the term Air Defces was used in 1916 . . . The back of the WW1 postcard is annotated "Sergeants of No.1 Anti-Aircraft Coy London Air Defces (S.W.) Feb 20/1916]. However, the arrangements in the UK were also called 'anti-aircraft', abbreviated as AA, a term that remained in common use in the 1950s. After World War I, it was sometimes prefixed with 'Light' or 'Heavy' (LAA or HAA) to designate a type of gun or unit . Nicknames for anti- aircraft guns include "AA", "AAA" or "triple-A" (abbreviations for "anti-aircraft artillery"), anti-aircraft gun (from German), "ack -ack" (from the spelling alphabet used by the British used for "AA" voice transmission);
And "archie" (a World War I British term, probably coined by Amyas Borton, and believed to have been acquired by the Royal Flying Corps, from musical comedian George Robey's line "Archibald, certainly not! "
Aircraft Warfare Systems
NATO defines anti-aircraft warfare (AAW) as "measures to protect a naval force against air attacks launched from aircraft, ships, submarines and land locations".
In some armies, the term All-Arms Air Defense (AAAD) is used for air defense by non-special forces. Other late 20th century terms include "ground based air defense" (GBAD) with the related term "short range air defense" (SHORAD) and man-portable air-defse system (MANPADS) . Anti-aircraft missiles are also called surface-to-air missiles, abbreviated and pronounced "SAM" and surface-to-air guided weapon (SAGW). Examples are the RIM-66 Standard, Raytheon Standard Missile 6 or the MBDA Aster missile.
Also referred to as Flugabwehrkanone), which is glish 'flak', and the Russian term Protivovozdushnaya oborona (Cyrillic: Противовоздушная оборона), a literal translation of "anti-air defce", abbreviated PVO.
In Russian, anti-aircraft systems are called zitnye (ie 'pointing to the zith') systems (guns, missiles, etc.). In French, air defense is called DCA (Défse contre les aéronefs, where aéronef is the collective name for all types of threats from the air (planes, airships, balloons, rockets, missiles).
Sunny Illuminated Historic Anti Aircraft Warfare, Partly Isolated In Gradient Back Stock Photo, Picture And Royalty Free Image. Image 50075250
The maximum distance at which a gun or missile can hit an aircraft is an important number. However, many different definitions are used, but unless the same definition is used, the performance of different guns or missiles cannot be compared. For AA guns, only the ascending part of the runway can be used advantageously. One term is "ceiling", where the maximum ceiling is the height a projectile can reach when fired vertically, not a practical use by itself since few anti-aircraft guns can fire which is vertical, and the maximum duration of the fuse will be very short, but it is possible to use. as a benchmark to compare different weapons.
The British adopted the "effective ceiling", which meant the height at which a gun could fire a series of shells against a moving target; it may be limited by the maximum run time of the fuse and the capacity of the gun. In the late 1930s, the British definition was "that distance at which a directly approaching target traveling at 400 mph [640 km/h] can be measured within 20 seconds before the gun can reach a high of 70 degrees".
The essence of air defense is to identify and destroy enemy aircraft. The critical problem is hitting a target moving in three-dimensional space; an attack must not only match these three coordinates, but must do so when the target is in that position. This means that the projectiles must be guided to hit the target or aimed at the predicted position of the target once the projectile reaches it, taking into account the speed and direction of the target and the projectile.
Throughout the 20th century, air defense was one of the fastest growing areas of military technology, responding to the evolution of aircraft and the exploitation of technology such as radar, guided missiles, and computers (in initially electromechanical analog computing from the 1930s, such as the other equipment described). below). Improvements were made to weaponry, technical fire control, weapons and command and control. At the beginning of the 20th century, they were either very old or non-existent.
Unmanned Combat Aerial Vehicle
But was soon replaced by radar, which in turn was supplemented by optronics in the 1980s. Command and control remained primitive until the late 1930s, when Britain created an integrated system
For the ADGB which linked the ground anti-aircraft defenses of the British Army's Anti-Aircraft Command, although the anti-aircraft deployed in the field relied on less sophisticated arrangements. NATO later referred to these arrangements as an "air defense ground vironment", defined as "the network of ground radar sites and command and control centers within a defined area of operations used for tactical control of air defense operations".
Management rules are essential to prevent air defense from monitoring fridig or neutral aircraft. Its use is supported but not managed by IFF (idtification frid or foe) electronic devices originally introduced during World War II. While these rules come from the highest authority, different rules can be applied to different types of air defense covering the same area at the same time. AAAD generally operates under the strictest rules.
Until the 1950s, guns that fired ballistic bullets were the standard weapon; guided missiles became dominant except at the shortest distances. However, the type of shell or warhead and the fuze and, in missiles, the guidance device are different. Targets are not always easy to destroy; however, the damaged aircraft may be forced to abort their mission and, even if they are able to return and land in uninhabited territory, may not operate for days or permanently. Ignoring small arms and smaller machine guns, ground-based anti-aircraft guns range in caliber from 20mm to at least 152mm.
Considerations For The Type 83 Destroyer
Passive air defense is defined by NATO as "Passive measures for the physical defense and protection of personnel, important installations and equipment to reduce the effectiveness of air and/or missile strikes".
It remains an important activity of ground forces and involves camouflage and concealment to avoid detection by reconnaissance and attack aircraft. Measures such as covering important buildings were common in World War II. During the Cold War, the runways and taxiways of some airports were painted ash.
While navies are generally responsible for their own air defense, at least for naval vessels, the organizational arrangements for air defense on land vary between countries and over time.
The worst case was the Soviet Union, and this model can still be followed in some countries: it is a separate service, similar to the army, navy or air force. In the Soviet Union, it was called Voyska PVO and had two fighter aircraft, separate from the air force, and ground-based systems. It is divided into two arms: PVO Strany, the Strategic Air Defense Service responsible for the Air Defense of the Homeland, established in 1941 and becoming an independent service in 1954, and PVO SV, Air Defense of the Ground Forces. It later became part of the Air Force and Ground Forces.
Polish Armed Forces Receives First Psr A Pilica Anti Aircraft Missile Artillery System
On the other hand, the US Army has an Air Defense Artillery Branch that provides air defense on the ground for the country and the army in the field, but it is operationally under the Joint Force Air Component Commander. Many other countries also deploy an air force branch of the military. Some countries, such as Japan or Israel, have chosen to integrate their ground-based air defense system into their air forces.
In the British and other armies, an artillery branch is responsible for domestic and overseas land air defense, although there is shared responsibility with the Royal Navy for the air defense of the British Isles in the world.
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