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Anti-aircraft gun, artillery, fired from land or from ships to defend against air attack. The development of anti-aircraft weapons began as early as 1910, when the airplane first became an effective weapon. In World War I, field artillery with calibers up to about 90 mm (3.5 in) were modified for anti-aircraft purposes by mounting them which allowed them to fire almost vertically. However, aiming technology was inadequate, and the interwar decades saw great progress in the development of rangefinders, searchlights, timestreams and firing mechanisms to enable artillery to engage fast-moving aircraft targets.
Anti Aircraft
World War II saw the introduction of automatic and anti-aircraft guns, radars were used to track targets, and small radio frequency proximity fuzes detonated the projectile as it approached the target. Against submarines and low-level attack aircraft, the 40 mm (1.5 in) gun, first produced by the Swedish company Bofors, was widely used by British and US forces. It fired 2 lb (0.9 kg) charges up to 2 miles (3.2 km) at a rate of 120 rounds per minute. The Soviets based their 37mm gun on this gun. Heavy anti-aircraft guns up to 120 mm were used against high-flying bombers. The most effective of them was the German 88 mm
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In 1953, the US Army introduced the Skysweeper 75mm automatic gun, which fired 45 rounds per minute, aiming and firing with its own radar-computer system. With the introduction of surface-to-air missiles in the 1950s and 1960s, heavy anti-aircraft guns such as these were phased out, although 20 to 40 mm radar autocannons were used for defense against low-flying aircraft and helicopters. This article requires additional citations for approval. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Inappropriate content can be appealed and removed. Search sources: "Self-propelled anti-aircraft weapon" - news, books.
An anti-aircraft vehicle, also known as a self-propelled anti-aircraft gun (SPAAG) or a self-propelled anti-aircraft system (SPAD), is a mobile vehicle with special air defense capabilities.
Specific weapon systems used include machine guns, assault rifles, larger guns or missiles, and some include both guns and long-range missiles (such as the Pantsir-S1). The platforms used include both trucks and heavier combat vehicles such as armored personnel carriers and tanks that provide protection against aircraft, artillery and small arms fire for front line deployments.
Anti-aircraft guns are usually mounted in a fast turret with a high rate of elevation to track fast moving aircraft. They often come in double or quad mounts for a high rate of fire. In addition, most anti-aircraft guns can be used in a direct fire role against surface targets. Today, missiles (mounted on similar towers) have largely replaced anti-aircraft weapons, but they may make a comeback as a cheap way to counter unmanned aerial systems (drones).
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Anti-aircraft guns have long been mounted on trucks and were very popular during the First World War. Germany's World War II predecessor, the German 77mm anti-aircraft gun, was mounted on a truck. and worked well against British tanks.
The British QF 3-inch 20 cwt was fitted to trucks for use on the Western Front. The British also had the first anti-aircraft gun, the QF 1-pounder pom-pom. Mounted on an armored car called the AA Pierce-Aro, it was produced in limited numbers and was only used until 1915.
Between the two world wars, the UK developed the Birch Gun, heraldic artillery on an armored chassis capable of holding formations on the ground with its main tanks. The gun can be raised for anti-aircraft use.
Vickers Armstrong also developed the SPAAG based on the Vickers Mk.E 6 ton light tank/artillery tractor Dragon, Medium, Mark IV chassis, mounting the Vickers QF-1 "Pom-Pom" 40mm gun. About 26 were sold to Siam and were used as an infantry support gun and AA gun in the Franco-Thai War (1940-1941) and 30 6-ton Vickers Mk.E B-type tanks. It was probably the first mass-produced tracked SPAAG. Later, the British also developed a version of the light tank Mk.VI armed with four machine guns, known as the Light Tank AA Mk.I. And a twin 15mm version was also built based on the Light Mk.V tank.
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Among the pre-war self-driving pioneers were the Germans. Until the war, Sd.Kfz was brought to the field. 10/4 and 6/2, half-load mounts with one 20mm or 37mm AA gun (respectively). Later in the war, such German busts were mounted with a quadruple 20 mm gun.
Larger guns followed on larger trucks, but these mounts usually had to be mounted outside the truck to provide the sturdy legs this gun needed. One exception to this rule was the Italian Cannone da 90/53, which was very effective against trucks, aptly known as the "autocannoni da 90/53". The 90/53 was a fearsome weapon, especially in the anti-tank role, but only a few hundred were produced by the time the armistice was signed in 1943.
Other countries worked on truck chassis. Beginning in 1941, the British developed the "port" method of mounting an anti-tank gun (first a 2-pounder) on a truck. It was designed to prevent damage to the weapon at long distances in rough and rocky deserts and was intended only as a form of transportation, and the weapon was fired for firing. However, the crews tried to fire their weapons from their vehicles to move the method, losing their lives.
This undoubtedly inspired the Morris C9/B (formally "Carrier, SP, 4x4, 40mm AA"), a 40mm AA Bofors gun mounted on a chassis derived from the Morris "Quad" field artillery tractor.
Quadruple 50 Calibre Anti Aircraft Gun Mobile Mount. Stock Image
Similar types, based on 3-ton trucks, were produced in Britain, Canada and Australia, and together formed the largest number of self-propelled AA guns in British service.
The US Army imported Bofors 40mm AA truck-mounted guns and trucks equipped with mechanized turrets, which were sent first to Great Britain and then to France. The turrets carried four 0.50-inch (12.7 mm) automatic machine guns, designed to fit where large units of infantry and field artillery were expected to target during a strike by low-altitude support aircraft.
The focus on mobile AA has shifted to heavier vehicles with the mass and endurance needed to easily employ weapons of all sizes. Perhaps a desire, especially in German service, to have anti-aircraft guns armed for self-defense.
The SPAAG armor concept was pioneered by Hungary during World War II with the production of the 40M Nimrod based on the Luftvärnskanonvagn L-62 Anti II license obtained from Sweden. Germany followed later with its Flakpanzer series. WWII German SPAAGs include Möbelwag, Wirbelwind, Ostwind and Kugelblitz. Other forces followed suit with their own designs, most notably the American M16, which was made by mounting quadruple M2HB Browning machine guns on the M3 Half-track.
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The British developed their SPAAGs throughout the war, which mounted multiple machine guns and light guns on the chassis of various tanks and armored vehicles, and by 1943 Crusader AA tanks mounted a 40mm Bofors gun or two or three 20mm Oerlikon guns. . Although they were used during the Normandy landings, the German aircraft were in the hands of the Allied air forces at the time and were largely unnecessary.
The Flakpanzer Gepard, which combines radar, fire control and two 35mm guns in a new turret mounted on a Leopard chassis.
The introduction of jet guns and the subsequent doubling of aircraft speed greatly reduced the SPAAG's effectiveness against attacking aircraft.
A typical SPAAG round may have a velocity of 1,000 meters per second (3,300 ft/s) and may take two to three seconds to reach a target at maximum range. The plane flies at a speed of about 280 meters per second (920 feet/s) at a speed of 1000 kilometers per hour. This means that the aircraft will travel hundreds of meters during the flight of the charges, complicating the aiming problem to the point where close passes are impossible to aim with handguns. This speed also allowed the aircraft to quickly fly out of range of the guns; even if the aircraft passes directly over the SPAAG, it will be within its firing range in less than 30 seconds.
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Development of the SPAAG continued in the early 1950s with ever larger guns, improving range and allowing game to be fired at longer ranges where the angle of attack was smaller and the target easier to aim. Examples include the 40mm US M42 Duster and the 57mm Soviet ZSU-57-2. However, both were essentially aged out before they could serve and only found work in a support role. The M42 was introduced in the Vietnam War to counter an anticipated North Vietnamese air attack, but when that did not happen it was used as an aircraft carrier.
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